{"id":4076,"date":"2024-03-20T15:15:15","date_gmt":"2024-03-20T14:15:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/plantininstituut.be\/opleiding\/artistic-printing-techniques\/"},"modified":"2026-03-21T16:20:51","modified_gmt":"2026-03-21T15:20:51","slug":"artistic-printing-techniques","status":"publish","type":"product","link":"https:\/\/plantininstituut.be\/en\/opleiding\/artistic-printing-techniques\/","title":{"rendered":"Artistic printing techniques"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"product-post\" data-elementor-id=\"4076\" class=\"elementor elementor-4076 elementor-2287\" data-elementor-post-type=\"product\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec7a3e8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ec7a3e8\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae6cf77 elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-hidden-mobile e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ae6cf77\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8fd7699 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8fd7699\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f3e9cfa elementor-drop-cap-yes elementor-drop-cap-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f3e9cfa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;drop_cap&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.21.0 - 15-04-2024 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<p data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"348\">C<br \/>ontemporary printing techniques such as offset (books and magazines), screen printing (textiles), and flexography &amp; gravure (packaging) are all based on four fundamental printing methods. Each of these techniques has its own characteristics, which graphic designers and publishers take into account early in the creative process.<\/p><p data-start=\"350\" data-end=\"758\">In this short course, you will gain an in-depth understanding of the four fundamental printing methods: planographic printing, screen printing, relief printing, and intaglio printing. You will explore how technological advancements have influenced both the process and the final result. By the end of the course, you will know when and how to apply each technique in your professional practice.<\/p><p data-start=\"760\" data-end=\"1052\">In the instructor\u2019s workshop, you will have the opportunity to experiment with these printing techniques yourself. Through hands-on practice, you will develop a deeper understanding of their characteristics and gain a greater appreciation for the unique expressive power of each method.<\/p><p data-start=\"1054\" data-end=\"1397\">Despite the dominance of industrial printing, artistic printing techniques remain highly relevant. Traditional relief printing thrives within the private press movement, while intaglio printing is widely used in the arts. Screen printing and risograph techniques have also become integral to contemporary book production.<\/p><p data-start=\"1399\" data-end=\"1655\" data-is-last-node=\"\">Moreover, printing techniques serve as a source of artistic inspiration. Many modern book covers, magazines, and posters would have been unthinkable without 19th-century innovations such as Japanese woodblock printing and color lithography.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-628b663 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"628b663\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;sticky&quot;:&quot;top&quot;,&quot;sticky_offset&quot;:100,&quot;sticky_parent&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;sticky_on&quot;:[&quot;desktop&quot;,&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;mobile&quot;],&quot;sticky_effects_offset&quot;:0}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a475fe6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"a475fe6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"custom-add-to-cart-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/plantininstituut.be\/en\/opleiding\/artistic-printing-techniques\/?add-to-cart=4076\">Sign me up<\/a>\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e545f6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5e545f6\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d603e0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4d603e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.21.0 - 15-04-2024 *\/\n.elementor-heading-title{padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title[class*=elementor-size-]>a{color:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-small{font-size:15px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-medium{font-size:19px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-large{font-size:29px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xl{font-size:39px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xxl{font-size:59px}<\/style><h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Lecturer<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9330230 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"9330230\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/plantininstituut.be\/en\/docent\/vladimir-ivaneanu\/\" class=\"opleiding-docent-intro\">\r\n            <div>\r\n                <div class=\"related-image-container\">\r\n                                            <span>Vladimir<\/span>\r\n                        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/plantininstituut.be\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/doormat.svg\" alt=\"Vladimir Ivaneanu\">\r\n                                    <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div>\r\n                    <h4>Vladimir Ivaneanu<\/h4>\r\n                    <div>Lecturer of Free Graphics and Specialist in Non-Toxic Printmaking<br><br><\/div>\r\n                    <span class=\"opleiding-docent-readmore\">\u2013\u203a Read more<\/span>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n        <\/a>\r\n\r\n    \t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e408998 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"e408998\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-22b3a7d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"22b3a7d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Practical Information<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee5c245 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee5c245\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"flex max-w-full flex-col flex-grow\"><div class=\"min-h-8 text-message flex w-full flex-col items-end gap-2 whitespace-normal break-words text-start [.text-message+&amp;]:mt-5\" dir=\"auto\" data-message-author-role=\"assistant\" data-message-id=\"d3c77a3c-0f3c-4f55-a2ed-042858ef8a9c\" data-message-model-slug=\"gpt-4o\"><div class=\"flex w-full flex-col gap-1 empty:hidden first:pt-[3px]\"><div class=\"markdown prose w-full break-words dark:prose-invert light\"><p data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"115\">This short course is part of the one-year <a href=\"https:\/\/plantininstituut.be\/opleiding\/typografie-boek\/\">Typography &amp; Book<\/a> program, but it can also be taken separately.<\/p><p data-start=\"117\" data-end=\"213\" data-is-last-node=\"\">It pairs particularly well with <a href=\"https:\/\/plantininstituut.be\/opleiding\/geschiedenis-van-het-boek\/\">History of the Book<\/a>, which is offered on the same Saturday.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e80f8af e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"e80f8af\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b8d987 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5b8d987\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Costs<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709ccf8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"709ccf8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tuition fee: \u20ac210.<br data-start=\"22\" data-end=\"25\" \/>Discounts apply when combining multiple short courses within the same year.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A book lover appreciates historical printing techniques. Letterpress, screen printing, and risograph printing remain relevant in contemporary book production.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":2571,"template":"","meta":[],"product_cat":[93],"product_tag":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Artistic printing techniques - Plantin Instituut voor Typografie<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/plantininstituut.be\/en\/opleiding\/artistic-printing-techniques\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Artistic printing techniques - Plantin Instituut voor Typografie\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"A book lover appreciates historical printing techniques. Letterpress, screen printing, and risograph printing remain relevant in contemporary book production.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/plantininstituut.be\/en\/opleiding\/artistic-printing-techniques\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Plantin Instituut voor Typografie\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-03-21T15:20:51+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/plantininstituut.be\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2163.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1600\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1200\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"2 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/plantininstituut.be\/en\/opleiding\/artistic-printing-techniques\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/plantininstituut.be\/en\/opleiding\/artistic-printing-techniques\/\",\"name\":\"Artistic printing techniques - Plantin Instituut voor Typografie\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/plantininstituut.be\/en\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/plantininstituut.be\/en\/opleiding\/artistic-printing-techniques\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/plantininstituut.be\/en\/opleiding\/artistic-printing-techniques\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/plantininstituut.be\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2163.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-03-20T14:15:15+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-03-21T15:20:51+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/plantininstituut.be\/en\/opleiding\/artistic-printing-techniques\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/plantininstituut.be\/en\/opleiding\/artistic-printing-techniques\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/plantininstituut.be\/en\/opleiding\/artistic-printing-techniques\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/plantininstituut.be\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2163.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/plantininstituut.be\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2163.jpg\",\"width\":1600,\"height\":1200},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/plantininstituut.be\/en\/opleiding\/artistic-printing-techniques\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/plantininstituut.be\/en\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Courses\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/plantininstituut.be\/en\/shop\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Artistic printing techniques\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/plantininstituut.be\/en\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/plantininstituut.be\/en\/\",\"name\":\"Plantin Instituut voor Typografie\",\"description\":\"\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/plantininstituut.be\/en\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/plantininstituut.be\/en\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/plantininstituut.be\/en\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Plantin Instituut voor Typografie\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/plantininstituut.be\/en\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/plantininstituut.be\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/plantininstituut.be\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/plantin-logo-en.svg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/plantininstituut.be\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/plantin-logo-en.svg\",\"width\":372,\"height\":33,\"caption\":\"Plantin Instituut voor Typografie\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/plantininstituut.be\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"}}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Artistic printing techniques - Plantin Instituut voor Typografie","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/plantininstituut.be\/en\/opleiding\/artistic-printing-techniques\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Artistic printing techniques - Plantin Instituut voor Typografie","og_description":"A book lover appreciates historical printing techniques. Letterpress, screen printing, and risograph printing remain relevant in contemporary book production.","og_url":"https:\/\/plantininstituut.be\/en\/opleiding\/artistic-printing-techniques\/","og_site_name":"Plantin Instituut voor Typografie","article_modified_time":"2026-03-21T15:20:51+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1600,"height":1200,"url":"https:\/\/plantininstituut.be\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2163.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Est. reading time":"2 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/plantininstituut.be\/en\/opleiding\/artistic-printing-techniques\/","url":"https:\/\/plantininstituut.be\/en\/opleiding\/artistic-printing-techniques\/","name":"Artistic printing techniques - Plantin Instituut voor Typografie","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/plantininstituut.be\/en\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/plantininstituut.be\/en\/opleiding\/artistic-printing-techniques\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/plantininstituut.be\/en\/opleiding\/artistic-printing-techniques\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/plantininstituut.be\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2163.jpg","datePublished":"2024-03-20T14:15:15+00:00","dateModified":"2026-03-21T15:20:51+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/plantininstituut.be\/en\/opleiding\/artistic-printing-techniques\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/plantininstituut.be\/en\/opleiding\/artistic-printing-techniques\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/plantininstituut.be\/en\/opleiding\/artistic-printing-techniques\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/plantininstituut.be\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2163.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/plantininstituut.be\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2163.jpg","width":1600,"height":1200},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/plantininstituut.be\/en\/opleiding\/artistic-printing-techniques\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/plantininstituut.be\/en\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Courses","item":"https:\/\/plantininstituut.be\/en\/shop\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Artistic printing techniques"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/plantininstituut.be\/en\/#website","url":"https:\/\/plantininstituut.be\/en\/","name":"Plantin Instituut voor Typografie","description":"","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/plantininstituut.be\/en\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/plantininstituut.be\/en\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/plantininstituut.be\/en\/#organization","name":"Plantin Instituut voor Typografie","url":"https:\/\/plantininstituut.be\/en\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/plantininstituut.be\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/plantininstituut.be\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/plantin-logo-en.svg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/plantininstituut.be\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/plantin-logo-en.svg","width":372,"height":33,"caption":"Plantin Instituut voor Typografie"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/plantininstituut.be\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"}}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/plantininstituut.be\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product\/4076"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/plantininstituut.be\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/plantininstituut.be\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/product"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/plantininstituut.be\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product\/4076\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4301,"href":"https:\/\/plantininstituut.be\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product\/4076\/revisions\/4301"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/plantininstituut.be\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2571"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/plantininstituut.be\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4076"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"product_cat","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/plantininstituut.be\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_cat?post=4076"},{"taxonomy":"product_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/plantininstituut.be\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_tag?post=4076"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}